文字论神理,不论皮毛。即如此卷新词,固皆家人儿女之常谈。若论其构选之法,有步骤。有深浅。有开阖起伏。有照应关锁,慧思绔语,时时点注;渲染补衬,处处勾连;时而闲冷传神,时而艳极含态。波委云属,穿经度纬,一气宕折中。章法精严,色浓味永,骨秀韵圆。此是昔人作赋之才,试于香奁一派,必传何疑。
文字要有主宰,主宰一定,任有千头万绪,都不能乱。如篇中父。母。哥。嫂。梅香。夫婿,无数说话,都以女郎串去,不可断续,打成一片。若悟得此法,真可以挥洒万言。
文字灵活,须用机括,方拈得转。如词中一梅香。一嫂子,从旁冷敲斜插,生出无数妙文,此即机括所在也。若无此二人,通篇便板煞,更无转动处矣!然机括有从题外架起者,又有靠题拾得者,若嫂子之日小姑相习,梅香之日与女郎周旋,岂有不知其心性,岂有不密语调谚者,一经拈动,恰是切身分际,此靠题机括也。作者之才,非不能题外生机,但深闺处女,除相爱之嫂,与知心之青衣,更有何人吁与深谈者,其必用靠题之机括,是其心思细密,相题有识处。
文字最要有礼,勿论庄语,即亵押语亦然。如此询须处处看他是女儿身分,其急于嫁出。以为此巾定有殊味,嫂嫂言之,者不甚分明,及至亲尝受创,至于泱洽定情之后,虽恣意沉酣,而矫憨仍在,写情窦日开之女郎,都有身分。若是下手为之,早已是娼妓伎俩,其丑态岂复可言。金粪之别,于此立判,乐府有俚质一派,后世渐变而成此种体质。不知俚质最是难处,成语难得恰合一也;驱遣不见痕迹二也;就中人情得窍三也。篇中如呸笑着把他吐一口,娇态如见。这没几年你还没有够,冷处传神,又育蕴藉极深之句。如婆婆的模样到不丑,蛇钻的窟窿蛇知道是电。妖态横溢,如画如话之句,如几乎错失就答应,摇着头儿楼一搂等句。皆呕心吐血而后得之,不可以寻常口头语,草草读下,浪掷作者之苦心也。夫读书而负人苦心,罪过不小,写到交欢之际,难得如此饱满,又难得如此雅驯,最是高处。
文字有丑处,须避之,如孔雀东南飞一篇,写至兰枝殒命处,使轻轻提过,诚不忍细写其状也。词中如女郎出室,母亲悲啼一节,虽是情所必至,然终觉败兴,且非急嫁女郎心上事,作者亦只轻轻点过,不惟省却笔墨,且图作一色吉祥文字,亦避丑之法也。又有安顿法,如女子之爹妈哥嫂,与梅香媒人,皆宾也。爹妈只于怨时用之,媒人则于走亲时用之,嫂子梅香则于行聘归宵时点缀用之,至于哥哥则于陪新郎时一用而已,其详略疏密,布置一一有法,非同浪设,问新郎在甚时用,曰此主也。被所谓不可须臾离者也,有怪此词剥尽女儿面皮者,此弗思之甚也。天下上样享,只见人说,不见人做,天下极下等事,人都肯做,坚不肯说。伊虽不说,谁其不知,不如肯做肯说之人,还是天真烂漫。况女大须嫁,夫妇之间,人之大欲,纵复急于结璃,亦自无伤风化,此非终不可告人者也。请问词中清事,那个女郎尽能摆脱,第不许人说耳。不许说,而忽一男子代吐其肝隔,正如犀炬一然,水怪毕现,正恐天下红粉,心爱此郎君解事,又恨其饶舌伤人,将有群起而以香唾吐何郎之面者,我知阿蒙善学古人。必能令其自干也,一笑一笑。
此词有正笔。有翻笔。有偷笔。有补笔。有倒笔。有暗渡笔、有宜擒敌纵笔。有似断实连笔。有轻逗笔,有极冷板闲笔,有略点笔。有大落墨笔、有对照笔,有反形笔、有缩御笔、有藏针笔,真乃无法不具。通篇只写两大段,前是望嫁之急,后是燕乐之深,非其望之急,必不知其乐之深。
噎瓶梅一书,凡男女之私,类皆极力描写,独至月娘者,胡僧药,淫器包,曾未沾身。非为冷落月娘,实要抬高月娘。彼众妇者,皆淫娼贱婢,而月娘则良家淑女也。被众妇者。皆鹑奔相就,而月姐则结发齐眉也。作者特用污泥莲花之法,写得月娘竟是一部书中第一人物,盖作者胸中横着正经夫妻四字,故下笔遂尔大雅绝伦,几此皆文体也。奇文每多忽略看过,此篇未可以小词忽之,文无大小,看其结构如何,篇中起伏顿挫,关锁呼应,绝如水饼,摹写清事,杂用方言;如金瓶梅,甚雕心刻骨,雅秀绝伦,则兼摄西厢牡丹亭之长,而能自出机杼,不袭一字,食古而化,乃成斯文。
牡丹亭出,娄江俞二娘读之。伤心而殁,在读者为情痴;在作者为慧业、此词传布若久,有标梅待字者闻之,必郁悒成疾。恐慧业文人。未必能生天上耳,即从未减,绮语人亦不得作佛器。速向玉台人,朝夕顶礼、犹可忏悔一半。
文字之妙,论章法句法字法,尚是落后一节,第一要真:不真则不能传神,然而心不细则不能真,真矣而无妙笔以运之,终是疥骆驼,此词心细而又笔抄,故能无语不真,至其章法句法字法之妙。无不胸合古人,真正绝世。
词曲之妙,所以令人快活着,只是写出人之所欲写,而实导出人之所不曾写,“又是人之所不能写也。”不但词曲,凡文字之妙,皆是如此。此词难及处,运用俗语、无一不雅、无一不妙合自然,且于最难着语处;其着语无不久妙,未许粗浮人轻看过。
艳阳天三字,出鲍照诗,儿词以此三字作起句,非同泛用,看其满篇气味,无不骆荡动人,真笔带艳阳之气。故以此三字颜于首,词曲写怨者多,怨生于情之不能遂,故情愈深而怨愈甚。牡丹亭可知一生爱好是天然。恰三春好处无人见,读之令人伤心。此则云:“他也十八,俺也十八,想是俺那点儿不如他。”同一牢骚语。
讽人之词,发乎情止乎礼义,艳阳天词,情极矣!而不涉桑间消上之事,且始于媒约,终于嗣续,可谓止于礼义。不然,则荡矣!
方言俗语有有音无字者今俱借用正字读者当以意会之
古高阳西山樵子谱
齐长城外饼枪氏评
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